% C-style
result: int = !x
% Python style
result: int = not x
Bitwise Operators
Bitwise NOT (~)
% 1010 becomes 0101
result: int = ~x
Memory Operations
Dereference (.*)
ptr: *int = value.&
% Get value at ptr
result: int = ptr.*
Address-of (&)
value: int = 42
% Get address of value
ptr: *int = value.&
Increment/Decrement
Pre-increment (++x)
% Increment before use
++x
% Equivalent operation
x += 1
Pre-decrement (--x)
% Decrement before use
--x
% Equivalent operation
x -= 1
Post-increment (x++)
% Use before increment
x++
Post-decrement (x--)
% Use before decrement
x--
Example Differences
Pre vs Post Increment
x = 42
% Pre-increment: Increment x before its value is used
result = ++x % result is 43, x is now 43
% Post-increment: Increment x after its value is used
result = x++ % result is 43, x is now 44
x = 42
% Pre-decrement: Decrement x before its value is used
result = --x % result is 41, x is now 41
% Post-decrement: Decrement x after its value is used
result = x-- % result is 41, x is now 40
